C++ List

C++ List is a STL container that stores elements randomly in unrelated locations. To maintain sequential ordering, every list element includes two links:

  • one that points to the previous element
  • another that points to the next element
C++ STL  list implementation showing its doubly linked nature
C++ STL list implementation

In C++, the STL list implements the doubly-linked list data structure. As a result, we can iterate both forward and backward.


Create C++ STL List

To create a list, we need to include the list header file in our program.

#include<list>

Once we import the header file, we can now declare a list using the following syntax:

std::list<Type> list_name = {value1, value2, ...};

Here,

  • std::list - declares an STL container of type list
  • <Type> - the data type of the values to be stored in the list
  • list_name - a unique name given to the list
  • value1, value2, ... - values to be stored in the list

Let's see an example,

// create a list of integer type
std::list<int> numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

// create a list of character type
std::list<char> vowels = {'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u'};

Note: We can also include list elements without mentioning the assignment operator. For example,

std::list<int> numbers {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

Example: C++ STL List

#include <iostream>
#include <list>

using namespace std;

int main() {

// create the list list<int> numbers {1, 2, 3, 4};
// display the elements of the list cout << "List Elements: "; for(int number : numbers) { cout << number <<", "; } return 0; }

Output

List Elements: 1, 2, 3, 4,

In the above example, we have created a list named numbers with elements: 1, 2, 3, 4. We then used a ranged for loop to print the list elements.

Note: We have used list instead of std::list because we have already defined std namespace using using namespace std;.


Basic operations on List

C++ STL provides various functions that we can use to perform different operations on lists. Let's look at some commonly used list functions to perform the following operations:

  1. Add elements
  2. Access elements
  3. Remove elements

1. Add Elements to a List in C++

We can add values in a list using the following functions:

  • push_front() - inserts an element to the beginning of the list
  • push_back() - adds an element to the end of the list

Let's see an example,

#include <iostream>
#include <list>

using namespace std;

int main() {
    
    // create a list
    list<int> numbers = {1, 2, 3};
  
    // display the original list 
    cout << "Initial List: ";
    for(int number: numbers) {
        cout << number << ", ";
    }
  
// add element at the beginning numbers.push_front(0); // add element at the end numbers.push_back(4);
// display the modified list cout << endl << "Final List: "; for(int number : numbers) { cout << number << ", "; } return 0; }

Output

Initial List: 1, 2, 3, 
Final List: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,

2. Access List Elements

We can access list elements using the following functions:

  • front() - returns the first element of the list
  • back() - returns the last element of the list

Let's see an example,

#include <iostream>
#include <list>

using namespace std;

int main() {

    // create a list
    list<int> numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
  
// display the first element cout << "First Element: " << numbers.front() << endl; // display the last element cout << "Last Element: " << numbers.back();
return 0; }

Output

First Element: 1
Last Element: 5

3. Delete List Elements

We can delete list elements using the following functions:

  • pop_front() - removes the element at the beginning of the list
  • pop_back() - removes the element at the end of the list

Here's an example,

#include <iostream>
#include <list>

using namespace std;

int main() {
    // create a list
    list<int> numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
 
    // display the original list 
    cout << "Inital List: ";
    for(int number : numbers) {
        cout << number << ",  ";
    }

// remove the first element of the list numbers.pop_front();
// remove the last element of the list numbers.pop_back();
// display the modified list cout << endl << "Final List: "; for(int number : numbers) { cout << number << ", "; } return 0; }

Output

Inital List: 1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  
Final List: 2, 3, 4, 

Other List Functions in C++

While there are many functions that can be used with lists, we will only look at some of the functions in the table below:

Function Description
reverse() Reverses the order of the elements.
sort() Sorts the list elements in a particular order.
unique() Removes consecutive duplicate elements.
empty() Checks whether the list is empty.
size() Returns the number of elements in the list.
clear() Clears all the values from the list
merge() Merges two sorted lists.

Access elements using an iterator

We can use iterators to access a list element at a specified position. For example,

#include <iostream>
#include <list>

using namespace std;

int main() {

     // create a list
    list<int> numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

// create an iterator to point to the first element of the list list<int>::iterator itr = numbers.begin(); // increment itr to point to the 2nd element ++itr;
//display the 2nd element cout << "Second Element: " << *itr << endl;
// increment itr to point to the 4th element ++itr; ++itr;
// display the 4th element cout << "Fourth Element: " << *itr; return 0; }

Output

Second Element: 2
Fourth Element: 4

In the above example,

  • list<int>::iterator - defines an iterator for a list of int type
  • numbers.begin() - sets the iterator to point to the beginning of the list

Notice that we have used ++itr; repeatedly instead of adding an integer to itr like itr+3;.

This is because iterators are not simple numeric values like regular integers. They point to specific memory locations in the container.

Incrementing an iterator with the ++ operator makes it point to the next element in the container.

To learn more about iterators, visit C++ STL Iterators.


Frequently Asked Questions

How to add an element to a list at a specified location?

We use the insert() function to add an element at a specified position.

The syntax for insert() function for list is:

list_name.insert(iterator, value);

Here,

  • iterator - points to the position where the value is to be inserted
  • value - the actual value that needs to be inserted in the position specified by the iterator

Let's see an example,

#include <iostream>
#include <list>

using namespace std;

int main() {
    
    // create a list
    list<int> numbers {1, 2, 3};
    
    // display the original list  
    cout<<"Initial List: ";
    for(int number : numbers) {
        cout << number << ", ";
    }

    // create an iterator to point to the 1st position
    list<int>::iterator itr = numbers.begin();

    // increment the iterator to point to the 3rd position
    ++itr; 
    ++itr;  

// insert 0 at the 3rd position of list numbers.insert(itr, 0);
// display the modified list cout<<endl<<"Final List: "; for(int number : numbers) { cout << number << ", "; } return 0; }

Output

Initial List: 1, 2, 3, 
Final List: 1, 2, 0, 3,
How to remove a list element from a specified location?

We use remove() function to remove an element at a specified position. The syntax of remove() function is:

list_name.remove(element);

The remove() function can be used in the following two ways:

  • Using Value
  • Using Iterator

1. remove() using Value

#include <iostream>
#include <list>

using namespace std;

int main() {

    // create a list
    list<int> numbers {1, 2, 1, 3, 4, 1};
  
    // display the original list  
    cout << "Initial List: ";
    for(int number : numbers) {
        cout << number << ", ";
    }
  
// remove all the elements with value 1 numbers.remove(1);
// display the modified list cout << endl << "Final List: "; for(int number : numbers) { cout << number << ", "; } return 0; }

Output

Initial List: 1, 2, 1, 3, 4, 1, 
Final List: 2, 3, 4, 

2. remove() using iterator

#include <iostream>
#include <list>

using namespace std;

int main() {
    
    // create a list and an iterator
    list<int> numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3};
    list<int>::iterator itr = numbers.begin();
  
    // display the original list
    cout<<"Initial List: ";
    for(int number : numbers) {
        cout << number << ", ";
    }

    // point iterator to the 4th element
    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++){
        ++itr;
    }

// remove the 4th element numbers.remove(*itr);
// display the modified list cout << endl << "Final List: "; for(int number : numbers) { cout << number << ", "; } return 0; }

Output

Initial List: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 
Final List: 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 

Here, both elements with a value of 3 are deleted, even though we only used remove() function on the fourth element.

This is because the remove() function removes all the elements having the same value as the element pointed by the iterator.


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